Resumo A Indústria Gráfica existe há muitos anos e suas operações incluem serviços de impressão digital, comunicação visual, suprimentos de embalagens e materiais publicitários, ao mesmo tempo em que está envolvida no comércio de bens e serviços em todo o mundo. Este estudo inédito apresenta a quantificação das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) de uma indústria de gráfica no Brasil nos três anos de 2016, 2017 e 2018. A partir dos resultados desses três anos foi definido o ano base como referência para avaliação de resultados de um Plano de Mitigação de emissões de GEE. O Plano de Mitigação simulado previu uma redução potencial de até 50,3 % dessas emissões. A metodologia segue as recomendações do IPCC. O trabalho pretende incentivar o estudo sobre oportunidades para uma economia e produção de baixo carbono, melhorar desempenhos em boas práticas de sustentabilidade, diante das demandas ambientais para conter a intensificação do efeito estufa e do aquecimento global.

Abstract The Graphics Industry has existed for many years and its operations include digital printing services, visual communication, packaging supplies and advertising materials, while being involved in the trade of goods and services worldwide. This unprecedented study presents the quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a printing industry in Brazil over the three years 2016, 2017 and 2018. From the results of these three years, the base year was defined as the reference for analyzing the results of a GHGs mitigation plan. The simulated Mitigation Plan foresees a potential reduction of up to 50.3 % of these emissions. The methodology follows the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The work aims to encourage the study of opportunities for a low-carbon economy and production, to improve performance in good sustainability practices in the face of environmental demands to contain the intensification of the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Resumen La industria de la impresión existe desde hace muchos años y sus operaciones incluyen servicios de impresión digital, comunicación visual, suministros de embalaje y materiales publicitarios, al tiempo que participa en el comercio de bienes y servicios en todo el mundo. Este estudio sin precedentes presenta la cuantificación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de una industria gráfica en Brasil en los tres años 2016, 2017 y 2018. A partir de los resultados de estos tres años, se definió el año base como referencia para evaluar los resultados de un Plan de Mitigación de emisiones de GEI. El Plan de Mitigación simulado preveía una reducción potencial de hasta el 50,3% de estas emisiones. La metodología sigue las recomendaciones del IPCC. El trabajo pretende fomentar el estudio de las oportunidades de una economía y producción bajas en carbono, mejorar el rendimiento en las buenas prácticas de sostenibilidad, dadas las exigencias medioambientales para contener la intensificación del efecto invernadero y el calentamiento global.

According to the inventories carried out by the air pollution control agencies, vehicle emissions are responsible for more than 70% of air pollutants in metropolitan regions. Proper handling of CMAQ input data is an important step in the formation of a database for the model. Thus, it is necessary to insert the meteorological data using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) version 3.9 in the period of the 31 days of January 2013. Four domains with resolutions of 27, 9, 3 and 1 kilometers were used and 21 vertical layers. Spatial Allocator (SA) was used to format the maps and extract the data necessary for the construction of the SMOKE emissions inventory files. WRF was validated comparing the simulation results with data from two weather stations (Jardim Primavera and Nova Iguaçu), using the statistical methods MB, MAGE, RMSE and IOA. SMOKE presented a constant time profile, this occurred because the established hourly function only contemplated daily results without taking into account the variations over the week.

Most volatile organic compounds (VOC) have adverse effects on human health and the environment and react individually with different velocities and mechanisms to form ozone. The present work determined the concentration of 55 samples of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), an important subgroup of VOC, by active sampling with active carbon cartridge in the areas of Barra da Tijuca, Deodoro and Maracana between the months of December 2014 to September 2015. The samples were extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The percentage distribution of BTEX showed toluene as the most abundant compound in the three sites, with 54, 3% in Barra da Tijuca, 57, 4% in Deodoro and 38, 1% in the Maracana area of the total BTEX. The mean benzene/toluene (B/T) ratios were 0.12 (Maracana), 0.37 (Barra da Tijuca) and 0.23 (Deodoro), confirming the emission source as predominantly vehicular. Using reactivity scales, toluene was the compound that most contributed to the formation of ozone and benzene was less reactive than the others. The carcinogenic risk was considered indifferent in all sites.

Real-world vehicle emissions of carbonyls compounds (CC) were determined at the Rebouças Tunnel, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The tunnel is a two-bore tunnel with three lanes in each direction and has a length of 2840 m, divided in two sections. On average, approximately 5,000 vehicles (95% light duty) were passing the tunnel per hour. Sixteen samples were simultaneously collected 500 and 1500 m inside from the entrance. The main CC were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde and benzaldehyde. A total of 16 samples were collected in each point in 8 different days. In 5 days, CO and CO2 were also monitored during the sampling period. Emission factors were calculated. Using the Pierson method, emission factors were 7.5 ± 2.6 and 13.8 ± 5.7 mg km-1 for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively. Using the fuel consumption method, values were 6.3 ± 2.1 and 11.8 ± 3.9 mg km-1 for the same compounds. The differences between both methods were lower than 20% and may be considered acceptable considering all the approximations in the calculations. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) were also estimated as 90.4 ± 37.3 and 70.7 ± 24.6 mg km-1 for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively.

RESUMO A emissão de metano (CH4) e dióxido de carbono (CO2) em aterros sanitários representa uma das mais importantes fontes de gases de efeito estufa em regiões metropolitanas. O presente trabalho quantificou a taxa de emissão de gases do efeito estufa (GEEs) pela camada de cobertura intermediária do aterro sanitário de Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, assim como a concentração desses gases na atmosfera acima das células do aterro. Um total de 21 amostras na camada de cobertura e 31 na atmosfera acima do aterro foi coletado. Foram utilizadas duas câmaras de fluxo de 0,66 m2 de área e 33,2 L de volume, e amostras foram retiradas com seringas de polipropileno de 60 mL em intervalos de 5 minutos, durante 15 minutos. As amostras foram coletadas em locais com e sem fissura na camada de cobertura intermediária. A análise das amostras foi feita por cromatografia de fase gasosa, por múltiplos detectores. As taxas de emissão dos GEEs observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 575,0 g m-2 dia-1 para CH4 e entre 0,1 e 316,0 g m-2 dia-1 para CO2. As concentrações no ar ambiente variaram entre 3,5 e 150,0 ppm e entre 333 e 655 ppm, para CH4 e CO2, respectivamente. As maiores emissões foram constatadas nos pontos que continham as maiores fissuras no momento da coleta.

ABSTRACT The emission of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from landfills is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases in metropolitan areas. This study quantified the emission rate of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the intermediate cover layer of Seropédica landfill, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere above the landfill cells. A total of 21 samples from the cover layer and 31 samples from the atmosphere above the landfill was collected. Two flow chambers with 0.66 m2 and 33.2 L were used, and the samples were collected with 60 mL polypropylene syringes at five-minute intervals, for 15 minutes. The samples were collected in areas with and without cracks in the intermediate cover layer. Sample analysis was performed by gas chromatography, by multiple detectors. GHGs emission rates varied from 0.1 to 575.0 g m-2 day-1 for CH4 and 0.1 to 316.0 g m-2 day-1 for CO2. The ambient air concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 150.0 ppm and 333 to 655 ppm for CH4 and CO2, respectively. Higher emissions were found in areas containing the larger cracks at the time of collection.

Atividades Físicas realizadas em ambientes fechados estão se tornando mais frequente. Estudos têm mostrado que as concentrações de poluentes em ambientes interiores são sempre maiores do que em ambiente abertos. Em locais fechados, onde são realizados exercícios de forma regular, não existe a preocupação com a qualidade do ar, principalmente quando estão sendo realizadas atividades aeróbicas. Neste estudo, foram medidas concentrações de BTEX em uma sala de spinning e as concentrações obtidas foram maiores do que as encontradas em ambientes ao ar livre. No entanto, uma atividade de pintura realizada na sala de spinning gerou concentrações elevadas de todos os BTEX , e, em particular, o tolueno teve concentrações muito maiores. No dia seguinte a realização da pintura, as concentrações de todos os BTEX tinham aumentado significativamente e a concentração de tolueno foi de 274.9 µg/m³. Após a pintura na sala de spinning, o aumento foi de 91% para o benzeno, 907% para o tolueno, 182% para o etilbenzeno, 121% para o m+p-xileno e de 128% para o o-xileno.

Indoors Physical Activities are becoming more frequent. Studies have shown that pollutants concentrations in indoor environments are always greater than in open environments. In indoor locations where regular exercise are performed, there is no concern about air quality, principally when aerobic physical activity are performed. BTEX concentrations in a spinning classroom were measured in this study and were higher than those obtained in an outdoor environment. However, a painting activity of the room revealed that all BTEX concentrations, and in particular Toluene, become much greater. In the day after, the paint concentration of all BTEX increased significantly and the concentration of toluene was 274.9 µg/m³. The BTEX concentration increased after all room was painted, and this increase was from 91% to benzene, 907% for toluene, 182% to ethylbenzene, 121% for m+p-xylene and 128% for o-xylene.

A preocupação com a gestão da qualidade do ar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro tem aumentado nos últimos anos devido aos grandes eventos que a cidade irá receber em um futuro próximo. A utilização de Sistema de Informação Geográfica como uma ferramenta para a gestão da qualidade do ar foi avaliada neste trabalho. Foi feita uma nova delimitação das bacias aéreas com a utilização de dados digitais que proporcionou o surgimento de três novas bacias aéreas e a alteração da configuração espacial das bacias aéreas existentes

The concern with the air quality management in the city of Rio de Janeiro has increased in recent last years due to the great events that this city will receive in the near future. The use of a Geographic Information System as a tool for the air quality management was evaluated in this work. A new delimitation of air basins was proposed using the digital data suggesting the appearance of three new air basins and the change of the spatial configuration of the existing air basins.